Electronic Transactions as High-Frequency Indicators of Economic Activity

Since the advent of standard national accounts data over 60 years ago, economists have traditionally relied on monthly or quarterly data supplied by central statistical agencies for macroeconomic modelling and forecasting. However, technological advances of the past several years have resulted in new high-frequency data sources that could potentially provide more accurate and timely information on the current level of economic activity. In this paper we explore the usefulness of electronic transactions as real-time indicators of economic activity, using Canadian debit card data as an example. These data have the advantages of daily availability and the high market penetration of debit cards. We find that (i) household transactions vary greatly according to the day of the week, peaking every Friday and falling every Sunday; (ii) debit card data can help lower consensus forecast errors for GDP and consumption (especially non-durable) growth; (iii) debit card transactions are correlated with Statistics Canada’s revisions to GDP; (iv) high-frequency analyses of transactions around extreme events are possible, and in particular we are able to analyze expenditure patterns around the September 11 terrorist attacks and the August 2003 electrical blackout.Business fluctuations and cycles

FORECAST CONTENT AND CONTENT HORIZONS FOR SOME IMPORTANT MACROECONOMIC TIME SERIES

For quantities that are approximately stationary, the information content of statistical forecasts tends to decline as the forecast horizon increases, and there exists a maximum horizon beyond which forecasts cannot provide discernibly more information about the variable than is present in the unconditional mean (the content horizon). The pattern of decay of forecast content (or skill) with increasing horizon is well known for many types of meteorological forecasts; by contrast, little generally-accepted information about these patterns or content horizons is available for economic variables. In this paper we attempt to develop more information of this type by estimating content horizons for variety of macroeconomic quantities; more generally, we characterize the pattern of decay of forecast content as we project farther into the future. We find wide variety of results for the different macroeconomic quantities, with models for some quantities providing useful content several years into the future, for other quantities providing negligible content beyond one or two months or quarters.

How Far Can Forecasting Models Forecast? Forecast Content Horizons for Some Important Macroeconomic Variables

For stationary transformations of variables, there exists a maximum horizon beyond which forecasts can provide no more information about the variable than is present in the unconditional mean. Meteorological forecasts, typically excepting only experimental or exploratory situations, are not reported beyond this horizon; by contrast, little generally accepted information about such maximum horizons is available for economic variables. The authors estimate such content horizons for a variety of economic variables, and compare these with the maximum horizons that they observe reported in a large sample of empirical economic forecasting studies. The authors find that many published studies provide forecasts exceeding, often by substantial margins, their estimates of the content horizon for the particular variable and frequency. The authors suggest some simple reporting practices for forecasts that could potentially bring greater transparency to the process of making and interpreting economic forecasts.Econometric and statistical methods, Business fluctuations and cycles

Les progrès dans les prévisions : météorologie et économique

La modélisation et la prévision en météorologie et en économique présentent un certain nombre de caractéristiques communes qui laissent à penser qu’il pourrait être intéressant de comparer leurs récents progrès en matière de prévision. Nous portons notre attention sur deux aspects de la prévision. Premièrement, nous étudions les mesures de la valeur ajoutée des prévisions et l’évolution de ces mêmes mesures au cours des 20 à 30 dernières années ; deuxièmement, l’estimation et la représentation de l’incertitude de ces prévisions sont examinées. Nous considérons certaines variables quantitatives particulières comme étant représentatives de différents types de prévisions : température, croissance du PIB et volatilité des marchés financiers (variables continues) ; probabilité de précipitations et probabilité de récession (prévisions de probabilité) ; prévision de type 0/1 de précipitations ou de récession (prévisions binaires) ; tornades et krachs boursiers (événements rares). Nous effectuons un survol de l’information disponible à ce jour sur l’évolution de la qualité des prévisions et décrivons les méthodes en développement dans le but de comprendre et de représenter l’incertitude dans ces prévisions.Meteorological and economic modelling and forecasting have a number of common features, which suggest that it may be interesting to compare their recent progress in forecasting. We concentrate on two aspects of forecasting: first, measures of the value added of forecasts, and the evolution of these measures over approximately the last twenty to thirty years; second, the estimation and representation of uncertainty of forecasts. We follow several particular quantities as representative of different types of forecasts: temperature, GDP growth and financial market volatility (continuous variables); probability of precipitation and probability of recession; 0/1 predictions of precipitation or recession (binary forecasts); tornadoes and market crashes (rare events). We describe the available information on the evolution of forecast quality, and describe also the evolving methods for understanding and representing uncertainty in the forecasts

Les progrès dans les prévisions : météorologie et économique*

Meteorological and economic modelling and forecasting have a number of common features, which suggest that it may be interesting to compare their recent progress in forecasting. We concentrate on two aspects of forecasting: first, measures of the value added of forecasts, and the evolution of these measures over approximately the last twenty to thirty years; second, the estimation and representation of uncertainty of forecasts. We follow several particular quantities as representative of different types of forecasts: temperature, GDP growth and financial market volatility (continuous variables); probability of precipitation and probability of recession; 0/1 predictions of precipitation or recession (binary forecasts); tornadoes and market crashes (rare events). We describe the available information on the evolution of forecast quality, and describe also the evolving methods for understanding and representing uncertainty in the forecasts. La modélisation et la prévision en météorologie et en économique présentent un certain nombre de caractéristiques communes qui laissent à penser qu’il pourrait être intéressant de comparer leurs récents progrès en matière de prévision. Nous portons notre attention sur deux aspects de la prévision. Premièrement, nous étudions les mesures de la valeur ajoutée des prévisions et l’évolution de ces mêmes mesures au cours des 20 à 30 dernières années ; deuxièmement, l’estimation et la représentation de l’incertitude de ces prévisions sont examinées. Nous considérons certaines variables quantitatives particulières comme étant représentatives de différents types de prévisions : température, croissance du PIB et volatilité des marchés financiers (variables continues) ; probabilité de précipitations et probabilité de récession (prévisions de probabilité) ; prévision de type 0/1 de précipitations ou de récession (prévisions binaires) ; tornades et krachs boursiers (événements rares). Nous effectuons un survol de l’information disponible à ce jour sur l’évolution de la qualité des prévisions et décrivons les méthodes en développement dans le but de comprendre et de représenter l’incertitude dans ces prévisions.

Miniature mobile sensor platforms for condition monitoring of structures

In this paper, a wireless, multisensor inspection system for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of materials is described. The sensor configuration enables two inspection modes-magnetic (flux leakage and eddy current) and noncontact ultrasound. Each is designed to function in a complementary manner, maximizing the potential for detection of both surface and internal defects. Particular emphasis is placed on the generic architecture of a novel, intelligent sensor platform, and its positioning on the structure under test. The sensor units are capable of wireless communication with a remote host computer, which controls manipulation and data interpretation. Results are presented in the form of automatic scans with different NDE sensors in a series of experiments on thin plate structures. To highlight the advantage of utilizing multiple inspection modalities, data fusion approaches are employed to combine data collected by complementary sensor systems. Fusion of data is shown to demonstrate the potential for improved inspection reliability